Intangiriro
Mwisi yinganda zikora inganda, ibikoresho bigendanwa, hamwe nubwubatsi bwo mu nyanja, sisitemu yingufu zamazi zikora nkimitsi yambere itwara imirimo myinshi. Kuberako sisitemu ikora mubitutu bikabije bikora, abatekinisiye naba injeniyeri bahora bashakisha uburyo bwo kwizerwa no gukuraho igihe cyateganijwe. Mu myaka yashize, siyanse yubumenyi yateye imbere kuburyo bugaragara, bituma - imikorere yimikorere igaragara cyane. Muri ubwo buryo, ibyuma bidafite ingese byabonye izina ryiza nkigisubizo cyiza kubidukikije bikaze, byangirika cyane.
Nubwo, nubwo byakwirakwijwe hose, ibyuma bitagira umwanda bikomeza kuba kimwe mubikoresho bitumvikana neza hasi yububiko. Umubare munini wimigenzo ya rubanda, ishaje "ubwenge bwububiko bwamaduka," hamwe nibitekerezo bidahwitse bikomeje guhindura uburyo abakoresha bakora, guhitamo, no gusuzuma ibyo bice. Iyo ibyemezo byubwubatsi bigengwa ninsigamigani aho kuba metallurgie, ubucuruzi burangiza kwishyura amafaranga menshi kubice bitari byo, bikabura ibyangiritse hakiri kare, cyangwa bikabura igihe kinini - cyo kuzigama amafaranga.
Kugirango hongerwe ingufu ibikorwa remezo byamashanyarazi, birakenewe gutandukanya imigani nukuri. Iyi ngingo isesengura kandi ikanasobanura ibintu bitanu bikunze kwibeshya ku bicuruzwa byose bituruka ku byuma bitagira umwanda, bitanga igishushanyo mbonera gisobanutse neza cya siyansi ku bakora umwuga w'amashanyarazi ya kijyambere.
Icyuma kitagira umwanda ntigishobora kurimburwa kandi ntigishobora kwangirika
Ahari imigani ikwirakwira cyane mubikorwa byose byubukanishi ni imyizerere ivuga ko ibyuma bidafite ingese birinda rwose ingese no kwangirika. Abakoresha benshi bibwira ko nibamara gushiraho ibyuma cyangwa valve, badashobora kubyirengagiza rwose, bizeye ko bizakomeza kuba byiza iteka ryose.
Ikigaragara ni uko ibyuma bitagira umwanda byitwa "ikizinga - gike," ntabwo "ikizinga - kidashoboka." Nibikoresho, bishingiye kubikorwa byoroshye byo kuringaniza imiti. Ibyuma bitagira umwanda birimo byibuze chromium 10.5 ku ijana. Iyo iyi chromium ikorana na ogisijeni idukikije, ikora ibintu bitagaragara, microscopique yubuso bwa chromium oxyde izwi nka firime ya pasiporo. Iyi firime ya pasiporo ikora nkingabo, irinda ogisijeni nubushuhe kwibasira atome yicyuma.
Nyamara, iyi pasiporo yoroheje ntabwo irimburwa rwose. Ibidukikije bimwe na bimwe bishobora kumeneka imiti ya chromium byihuse kuruta uko ishobora kwiyubaka. Umwanzi wibanze wibyuma bitagira umwanda ni ion ya chloride, iboneka cyane mumazi yumunyu, ikirere cyinyanja, guhumanya inganda, numuhanda - byerekana imiti. Mugihe kinini - ibidukikije bya chloride, icyiciro cya 304 cyicyuma gishobora kutangirika, bikavamo ikintu kibi cyitwa pitingi. Gutobora birema imyobo ya microscopique ihinduranya cyane mu rukuta rw'ibigize, ihishe mu buryo busanzwe, ibyo bikaba bishobora gutuma habaho guturika bitunguranye munsi ya sisitemu yo hejuru.
Kugabanya ibi byago, injeniyeri agomba guhitamo icyiciro gikwiye cyicyuma cyo gusaba. Icyiciro cya 316 ibyuma bitagira umwanda birimo kongeramo molybdenum 2 kugeza kuri 3 ku ijana, ibyo bikaba bihindura cyane cyane pasiporo irwanya ibitero bya chloride. Nubwo bimeze bityo, niba sisitemu ifite ikibazo cyo kwirundanya kwamazi mumigozi ifatanye, ruswa irashobora gukura. Ibyuma bitagira umwanda ni ibintu bidasanzwe, ariko bisaba guhitamo neza amanota no kugenzura buri gihe kugirango bigumane ubusugire bwayo -.
Ikizamini cya Magneti ninzira idafite ishingiro yo kugenzura ubuziranenge
Jya mu mahugurwa hafi ya yose cyangwa ishami rishinzwe kubungabunga, urahasanga abatekinisiye bitwaje umufuka muto. Impanuro nyinshi zagiriwe inama gakondo zivuga ko niba ushaka kugenzura niba hydraulic ikwiye ari ndende - ibyuma bitagira umwanda, uba wometse kuri magneti. Niba rukuruzi ifashe, umugani uvuga ko igice arihendutse ibyuma bya karubone; niba magnet yataye, bigenzurwa nkibyuma bidafite ingese.
Mugihe iki kizamini cyoroshye, gifite ubuhanga kandi buri gihe kiganisha ku kwangwa kubeshya ibice byakozwe neza. Imiterere ya magnetiki yicyuma igenwa rwose nuburyo bwayo bwa kirisiti ya kirisiti, ntabwo ari ibiyigize gusa. Ibyuma bitagira umwanda bishyirwa mu matsinda atatu y'ibanze ashingiye kuri iyi miterere: Austenitike, Ferritic, na Martensitike.
Ibyuma bya Ferritic na Martensitike bidafite ibyuma bifite imiterere ya kristaline ituma bisanzwe ferromagnetic, bivuze ko magnesi abizirikaho cyane. Ibyuma bitagira umuyonga bya Austenitike, birimo ibyiciro bizwi cyane byo mu cyiciro cya 304 na Grade 316 bikoreshwa mu miyoboro ya hydraulic yo hejuru -, bifite isura - bishingiye kuri cubic kristaliste isanzwe itari - magnetique.
Ariko, impinduka zikomeye zibaho mugihe cyo gukora. Iyo progaramu yo mu cyiciro cya 316 icyuma cya hydraulic idafite ibyuma bikozwe, bigashyirwaho kashe, imbeho - byashushanyije, cyangwa bigashushanya imigozi yabyo, guhangayikishwa cyane nubukanishi bihindura imiterere ya kristu muri utwo turere. Igikorwa gikonje gikora gitera guhinduka igice kiva muburyo butari - magnetiki austenitis yubatswe muburyo bwa magnetiki martensitike.
Kubwibyo, kweli kweli, hejuru - urwego rwicyuma rudafite ibyuma bizagaragaza akenshi rukurura rukuruzi rukuruzi, cyane cyane ruzengurutse urudodo rwarwo cyangwa rugoramye. Kwishingikiriza kumufuka wumufuka kugirango umenye ubuziranenge ntabwo byizewe rwose. Inzira imwe rukumbi idafite ishingiro yo kugenzura ubunyangamugayo bwibintu ni ugusaba Raporo Yibikoresho (MTRs) kubabikora cyangwa gukoresha imbunda yihariye ya Positive Material Identification (PMI), ikoresha X - ray fluorescence kugirango isome ijanisha ryibanze ryicyuma.
Ibyuma bitagira umuyonga birahenze cyane kubikorwa bisanzwe bya Hydraulic
Iyo abashinzwe gutanga amasoko bagereranije fagitire yibikoresho bya sisitemu igiye kuza, akenshi bahita bahungabana mugihe bareba ibyuma bitagira umwanda. Ku mpapuro, ibyuma bidafite ingese birashobora kugura inshuro eshatu kugeza kuri eshanu kurenza ikintu kimwe gikozwe muri zinc - icyuma cya karubone. Uku gutandukanya ibiciro kworoheje kwateje umugani uvuga ko ibyuma bitagira umwanda ari ibintu bidasanzwe, bihenze cyane bigomba kwirindwa rwose keretse byemewe n'amategeko n’isuku ry’ibiribwa cyangwa amabwiriza y’umutekano w’imiti.
Iyi myumvire ifite inenge cyane kuko yibanda rwose kubiciro byambere byo kugura mugihe wirengagije igiciro nyacyo cya nyirubwite (TCO). Iyo ibyuma bya karubone bihendutse bikwiriye gushyirwa mubidukikije bisabwa cyangwa bitose, isahani ya zinc itangira kwangirika. Mugihe cyimyaka ibiri, ingese zifata kumutwe no gufunga mumaso.
Igiciro nyacyo cyuko gikwiye kigomba kubamo:
Igiciro cyibisimburwa.
Amafaranga yo kohereza hamwe nubuyobozi bukenewe asabwa re - gutumiza igice.
Amafaranga yatakaye yinjiye mugihe imashini yose yicaye ubusa mugihe cyo gusana.
Igiciro cyo gusimbuza amavuta ya hydraulic ahenze yatakaye mugihe cyo gutemba.
Ibyago bya flake yameneka imbere imbere no gusenya pompe hydraulic ihenze cyangwa indangagaciro zo kugenzura.
Iyo ugize uruhare muri aya mafaranga yihishe, uburinganire bwubukungu burahinduka cyane. Ibicuruzwa bitagira umwanda hydraulic ibicuruzwa birashobora kumara inshuro eshanu kugeza ku icumi kurenza ibyuma bya karubone mubihe bigoye. Mugukuraho uburyo bwokubungabunga inshuro nyinshi, kugabanya isuku yibidukikije kurira, no gukoresha igihe kinini cyimashini, ibikoresho bihendutse byishyura ubwabyo, bigahindura igiciro kinini imbere mubushoramari burebure -.
Ubwoko Bwicyuma Cyicyuma Cyubwoko Bwose Bikunze Guhita Bitsindagira
Urudodo ruteye - bakunze kuvugwa hasi yububiko nko gusudira imbeho - ni ibintu bitesha umutwe aho insanganyamatsiko yihuta yumugabo nigitsina gore ifunga, igafata, ikanahurira hamwe mugihe cyo guterana. Kuberako ibyuma bidafite ingese nicyuma cyoroshye cyane, mubarurishamibare birashobora kwandura kuruta ibyuma bikomeye nkibyuma bya karubone. Ibi byatumye habaho umugani wamamaye mubatekinisiye bo mu murima bavuga ko insinga zitagira umuyonga hydraulic insinga zifite inenge kandi byanze bikunze izafatwa mugihe cyo kuyishyiraho, bigatuma bidashoboka gukomera cyangwa gusenya.
Mugihe urudodo ruteye ningaruka zifatika kumubiri, biririndwa rwose kandi bibaho hafi cyane kubera tekiniki yo kwishyiriraho idakwiye, aho kuba inenge yibintu ubwabyo. Galling ibaho iyo guterana gukabije hamwe nigitutu bikuraho chromium oxyde irinda passiyeri hejuru yubudodo bwo guhuza. Iyo ibyuma bibisi, bidakingiwe ibyuma bya kirisiti bikubitana hagati yubushyuhe, ubushyuhe bwinshi bwaho butera kogosha no guhurira hamwe hafi ako kanya.
Abatekinisiye barashobora gukuraho burundu urudodo rushyira mubikorwa bitatu byoroshye mugihe cyo guteranya sisitemu:
Mugabanye umuvuduko wo kwishyiriraho: Gukoresha - umuvuduko mwinshi wrenches itanga ubushyuhe butunguranye butera gukurura. Guteranya ibyuma bidafite umwanda buhoro buhoro ukoresheje intoki cyangwa hamwe nintoki zisanzwe zigabanya cyane kubaka ubushyuhe.
Koresha Amavuta meza: Koresha - ubuziranenge anti - gufata ifumbire mvaruganda cyangwa amavuta yihariye yo kwisiga yateguwe cyane cyane kubyuma bitagira umwanda bikora nkimbogamizi yumubiri, birinda ibyuma bitaziguye - kugeza - guhuza ibyuma no gukuramo ubwumvikane buke bwo guterana.
Irinde hejuru - Torquing: Ibyuma bitagira umwanda biroroshye; hejuru ya - gukaza umurego uwashizeho icyifuzo cya torque yihariye ihindura urudodo geometrie, igahatira isura yicyuma hamwe nurwego rwangiza rwo guterana.
Ibicuruzwa bitagira umuyonga Hydraulic Ibicuruzwa Bidafite ubushobozi bwumuvuduko wibyuma bya Carbone
Imyumvire idahwitse muri bamwe bashaje - bashushanya imashini ni uko kubera ko ibyuma bitagira umwanda bihindagurika cyane kandi byiza cyane mu gukuramo ingaruka bitavunitse, bigomba kuba "byoroheje" kuruta ibyuma bya karubone gakondo. Iki gitekerezo kiganisha ku migani itari yo ivuga ko ibyuma bidafite ingese bidafite imbaraga nyinshi kandi bitanga umusaruro usabwa kugira ngo ucunge neza umuvuduko ukabije w’imashini ziremereye zigezweho, zisanzwe zirenga 5000 kugeza 6.000 psi.
Uyu mugani ukomoka kubwumvikane buke bwibanze bwa metallurgie. Mugihe ibyiciro bimwe bya - ubuziranenge cyangwa ibyuma bitagira umuyonga bifite imbaraga nkeya, umusaruro mwinshi - urwego rwo hejuru rwa austenitike rukoreshwa mugukora hydrulic hydraulic ihuza imbaraga zishimangirwa cyane binyuze mubikorwa bikonje bikonje kandi bivanze neza.
Iyo usuzumye impapuro zifatika zerekana ubuhanga, urasanga ibyuma bigezweho bitagira umuyonga hydraulic fitingi isanzwe ihuza cyangwa ikarenga igipimo cyinshi cyakazi cyakazi cya bagenzi babo. Ababikora babigeraho mugutezimbere uburebure bwurukuta, gutunganya ubujyakuzimu bwimbitse, hamwe na injeniyeri yimbere imbere bigabanya imivurungano nigitutu cyumuvuduko.
Byongeye kandi, ibyuma bidafite ingese bikora neza cyane mugihe cyo gupakira ibintu. Muri sisitemu nzima ya hydraulic, igitutu ntigisanzwe; ihora ihindagurika kandi ikubita mugihe igenzura ryimikorere ikora cyangwa imitwaro iremereye yimuwe. Ibyuma bya elegitoroniki byuma bituma bidashobora kwemerera gukurura inshuro nyinshi, - inshuro nyinshi zidashobora guhura na micro - gucika intege. Ikomeza igipimo cyayo cyuzuye mubushyuhe bukabije aho ibyuma bya karubone bisanzwe bishobora gucika intege kubera ubukonje bukabije cyangwa byoroshye biturutse ku bushyuhe bukabije.
Umwanzuro
Gutandukanya birebire - imigani ihagaze nibintu bikomeye bya metallurgjiya ni ngombwa kubantu bose bashinzwe gushushanya, gukora, cyangwa kubungabunga ibikorwa remezo byamashanyarazi bigezweho. Mugihe ibihuha byo kumaduka bishobora gutuma ibyuma bidafite ingese bisa nkibisanzwe, bihenze cyane, cyangwa bigoye gukorana, ukuri kwa siyansi kubigaragaza ukundi.
Ibyuma bitagira umwanda ntabwo byangirika rwose, ariko imbaraga zabyo, ubwazo - gukiza passiyeri itanga kwirwanaho ntagereranywa iyo bihuye nibidukikije byiza. Ubwiza bwabwo ntibushobora kugenzurwa na rukuruzi yoroheje yo mu mufuka, ariko ubunyangamugayo bwayo bushyigikiwe nubuziranenge bwibikoresho bifatika. Mugihe igiciro cyambere cyubuguzi kiri hejuru, ubushobozi bwacyo bwo gukuraho igihe cyateganijwe, gukumira impanuka zishobora gutemba, hamwe nicyuma gisanzwe gishobora gutuma igiciro - gikora neza mubuzima bwacyo. Hanyuma, iyo ikoreshejwe hamwe nuburyo bukwiye bwo kwishyiriraho, igipimo cyayo cyingutu hamwe ninteko yizewe irashobora rwose kuzuza ibisabwa byingutu - byingutu byinganda.
Mu kureka imyumvire idahwitse kandi ukareba ibicuruzwa byose bitagira umuyonga hydraulic ukoresheje lens ya data - siyanse yubumenyi bwibikoresho, amasosiyete arashobora gukora sisitemu yumutekano itekanye, isukuye, kandi ikora neza cyane ikora neza mumyaka mirongo iri imbere.
