Intangiriro
Mubice bisaba ingufu zamashanyarazi, ibice bikorerwa hamwe nububasha bwimbere ninyuma. Mugihe injeniyeri zimara umwanya munini zibara umuvuduko mwinshi wakazi, umuvuduko wamazi, nigipimo cyimigezi, harikintu kimwe cyangiza, kitagaragara gikora kurwego rwa microscopique: ruswa. Iyo udasuzumwe, kwangirika kwimiti yibice byicyuma birashobora guhindura sisitemu ya hydraulic ikora cyane muburyo bwo kumeneka, guteza akaga, kandi bidakora neza.
Ibikoresho bisanzwe bya karubone bishingikiriza ku bintu bitagaragara, bitamba nka zinc kugirango birinde ibidukikije. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, kubera guhangayikishwa no guhindagurika kwa mashini, kwaguka kwinshi, no gutembera kwinshi, ibyo bitwikiriye amaherezo byambara nabi, byacitse, cyangwa bigenda. Iyo icyuma kimaze guhura nubushyuhe na ogisijeni, ingese ifata umuvuduko uteye ubwoba, ikwirakwira hejuru yikimenyetso no guhekenya imyirondoro.
Kurandura iyi ntege aho ituruka, inganda zigezweho zihinduka metallurgie. Guhitamo progaramu ya hydraulic yamashanyarazi idasanzwe - nkumuvuduko ukabije - ukwiranye nigitutu, ibikoresho byabigenewe, adapt, cyangwa inzu ya silinderi - bitanga ubwirinzi buvukanwa, bwibanze bwo kwangirika. Ariko ni mu buhe buryo iki cyuma kidasanzwe kirwanya imbaraga zihuriweho na okiside, ibitero bya aside, hamwe n’amazi yumunyu? Igisubizo kiri muburyo bushimishije bwa siyanse yibintu, ubwubatsi bwa chimique, hamwe nuburyo butajegajega. Iyi ngingo iratanga ibisobanuro birambuye kuburyo bwihariye bwa siyansi butuma ibyuma bya hydraulic bidafite ingese bigumaho ingese - byubusa kandi byubatswe neza mubidukikije bitababarira isi.
Ubumenyi bwa Passive Layeri: Intwaro Yibanga Yuma
Kugira ngo wumve uburyo ibyuma bitagira umwanda birinda ingese, umuntu agomba kubanza gusenya imyumvire itari yo: ibyuma bitagira umwanda ntabwo ari icyuma kimwe, kidakora nka zahabu cyangwa platine. Nibikoresho bikora cyane bigizwe nicyuma, karubone, hamwe nibintu bikomeye byongeweho. Ubushobozi bwayo bwo kurwanya ruswa mubyukuri nigisubizo cyimiti ikomeza, igenzurwa cyane iboneka hejuru yacyo.
Ikintu cyibanze muri iyi chimie ikingira ni chromium. Kugirango ushyirwe mubikorwa nkibyuma bidafite ingese, ibivanze bigomba kuba byibuze byibuze 10.5% bya chromium kuburemere. Iyo icyuma kibisi gihuye nubushyuhe numwuka, ikora oxyde de fer, ikunze kwitwa ingese zitukura. Ingese itukura ifite imiterere irekuye, yuzuye kristaline ikomeza kwaguka no kuva kure yicyuma. Iyi flake yerekana urwego rushya rwicyuma kibisi munsi, rukarema ibintu byangiza, bikamanuka amaherezo bigashonga burundu.
Chromium yongeye kwandika iyi nyandiko yimiti. Iyo atome ya chromium yashyizwe mubicuruzwa bitagira umuyonga hydraulic bicuruzwa bihura na ogisijeni idukikije, bigira icyo bikora kugirango bibe byoroshye cyane, bitagaragara cyane bya firime izwi nka chromium oxyde. Iyi firime ni atome nkeya gusa - yoroheje kuburyo urumuri runyura muri rwo, bigatuma ibyuma byuma byuma biguma bigaragara neza.
Iyi firime ya chromium oxyde izwi nka passive layer. Bitandukanye n'ingese zitukura, igipande cya pasiporo ni cyinshi cyane, cyubatswe neza, kandi rwose ntabwo -. Ikora nk'intwaro zidashobora kwinjizwa, microscopique zibuza ogisijeni na molekile y'amazi kutigera igera kuri atome y'icyuma.
Igitangaje cyane, iki gipimo cyiza kirimo imbaraga kandi ubwacyo - gukira. Mubidukikije biremereye - byamazi ya hydraulic, fitingi na valves mubisanzwe bishushanya imyanda igwa, igasibanganywa nudukingirizo mugihe cyo gusana umurima utuje, cyangwa igaterwa nisuri ikabije kuva mumavuta yihuta -. Mubintu bisanzwe bikozwe mu isahani, gushushanya byimbitse byerekana guca burundu intwaro, byerekana ko ingese yahise itangira. Hamwe nicyuma kitagira umwanda, niba igipande cya pasiporo cyashushanijwe cyangwa cyambuwe, atome ya chromium iherutse kugaragara ihita yitwara hamwe na ogisijeni ikikije kugirango yubake inzitizi ya chromium oxyde muri milisegonda. Uku guhindurwa bushya kwemeza ko inzira y'amazi ikomeza gufungwa kugirango yibasire ibidukikije ubuzima bwayo bwose.
Gukoresha abakozi hamwe nubwirinzi bwabo
Mugihe chromium itanga ibyubatswe shingiro kumurongo wa pasiporo, sisitemu ya hydraulic yinganda ikunze guhura nibidukikije bigoye bisaba imbaraga ziyongera. Kugira ngo ibyo bibazo bikemuke, abanya metallurgiste binjiza ibice bya kabiri bivanga muri materique ya kristaline, bigatanga amanota atandukanye yongerewe uburyo bwihariye bwo kwirinda.
Icyambere cyingenzi cyongeweho ni nikel. Mubyamamare 300-byamamare ya austenitis ibyuma bitagira umuyonga bikoreshwa cyane mugukoresha ingufu zamazi, nikel itangizwa mubitekerezo biri hagati ya 8 na 14%. Urebye muburyo bwa mehaniki, nikel ihindura imiterere ya kristaline yuburyo bwicyuma, ikayihindura kuva muburyo bwa ferritic ikajya muburyo bwa austenitis. Ihinduka ryibyuma byongera cyane ingaruka zicyuma gukomera, guhindagurika, hamwe nuburyo bworoshye. Iratanga kandi imbaraga zikomeye kubikoresho rusange birwanya ruswa imwe, cyane cyane iyo ihuye na acide yoroheje hamwe nibisubizo byinganda.
Ariko, nyampinga nyawe wibidukikije bikabije hydraulic ni molybdenum. Icyiciro cya 304 cyuma kitagira umwanda gitanga uburinzi buhebuje bwo kwirinda ikirere cy’ikirere, ariko kirashobora guhangana iyo gikorewe ioni ya chloride yibanze cyane, iboneka cyane mumazi yinyanja, ikirere cyinyanja, hamwe nu munyu wa -. Iyoni ya Chloride irakaze bidasanzwe; zirashobora gucengera no gushonga chromium oxyde isanzwe ya passiyo, bigatera gusenyuka kwaho.
Kurwanya iyi ntege nke, Icyiciro cya 316 ibyuma bitagira umwanda birimo kongeramo molybdenum 2 kugeza 3%. Molybdenum ikora nka stabilisateur ya chimique igamije, byongera kuburyo bugaragara aho firime ihagaze kandi ikarwanya cyane chloride - iterwa no gusenyuka. Iri vugurura ryibanze nimwe mumpamvu ituma icyiciro cya 316 aribintu bisanzwe bisabwa kubikoresho byo gucukura peteroli yo mu nyanja, ubwato bwo mu nyanja, n’inganda zikora ku nkombe.
Hanyuma, inganda zigezweho zita cyane kubirimo karubone. Iyo ibyuma bitagira umwanda bishyushye kubushyuhe bukabije - nko mugihe cyo gusudira hejuru ya - umuvuduko wa hydraulic flange - ikintu kizwi nka imvura ya karbide kirashobora kubaho. Chromium na atome ya karubone birashobora guhuriza hamwe kumupaka wibyuma, bikuraho uduce dukikije chromium ikenewe kugirango igumane igipande. Ibi bisiga urudodo rusudira rwibasiwe cyane no kwangirika kwimitsi. Kurandura iyi ngaruka, abayikora bakoresha - itandukanye ya karubone, yagenwe nka Grade 304L cyangwa 316L. Mu kugabanya ibirimo bya karuboni munsi ya 0,03 ku ijana, imvura ya karbide irakumirwa, bigatuma akarere gasudira gakomeza kuba ingese - idashobora kwihanganira nkibindi bice bigize.
Kunesha uburyo bwihariye bwa Hydraulic Ruswa
Ruswa igaragara muburyo butandukanye muri sisitemu y'amashanyarazi. Igicuruzwa kinini - cyiza kitagira ibyuma hydraulic cyakozwe muburyo bwihariye kugirango bahangane n’iterabwoba ritandukanye.
Ruswa imwe
Ruswa imwe igereranya ikwirakwira hose, ndetse ikanatera hejuru yubuso bwerekanwe hejuru yicyuma, biganisha kunanuka buhoro buhoro urukuta rwibintu mugihe runaka. Mu murongo muremure - umurongo wa hydraulic, kunanura urukuta ni akaga kadasanzwe, kuko bigenda byangiza umuvuduko ukabije wakazi wumuyoboro kugeza igihe habaye impanuka zikomeye. Gukomeza kwangirika kwicyuma kitarinze kwangirika birinda kwangirika kwose mubikorwa bisanzwe, bikomeza uburebure bwurukuta rwumwimerere hamwe nuburinganire bwimiterere mubuzima bwibigize.
Gutobora no Kwangirika
Gutobora no gutobora kwangirika ni ahantu cyane, uburyo bwuzuye uburiganya. Gutobora bibaho mugihe ikintu gito, cyananiranye mugukingira kurinda bituma umwobo wa microscopique ucengera cyane murukuta rwicyuma, wihishe mubigenzurwa bisanzwe. Kwangirika kwa crevice bibaho ahantu hafunzwe cyane aho amazi ashobora guhagarara, nka micro - icyuho kiri hagati yumwirondoro wo guhuza cyangwa munsi yikimenyetso cya flange.
Mugihe amazi adahagarara ahinduka ogisijeni - igabanutse, chimie chimique yayo irahinduka, ihinduka acide cyane kandi ikarya vuba binyuze mubyuma bisanzwe. Kwiyongera kwa molybdenum mu cyiciro cya 316 ibyuma bitagira umwanda bihindura urwego rwimyanya myuka muri ogisijeni - zangiritse, bikabuza gutangiza ibyobo byombi no kunanirwa.
Ruswa ya Galvanic
Kwangirika kwa Galvanic bibaho mugihe ibyuma bibiri byamashanyarazi bidasa nibyuma bihuza umubiri imbere ya electrolyte, nkubushuhe cyangwa ubushuhe bwibidukikije. Muri iki gihe, amashanyarazi mato mato atembera hagati yicyuma, bigatuma icyuma cyiza cyane (anode) cyangirika ku buryo bwihuse, mugihe icyuma cyiza cyane (cathode) gikomeza kurindwa.
Kuberako ibyuma bidafite ingese byicaye hejuru kurwego rwiza rwa galvanic, birwanya cyane kwangirika nicyuma gituranye. Icyakora, injeniyeri agomba kwitonda: niba ibyuma bidafite ingese byinjijwe mu buryo bworoshye muri aluminiyumu yoroheje ahantu hacucitse, aluminiyumu izakora nka anode yigitambo kandi isenyuke vuba. Kugirango ukemure ibi, sisitemu ikwiye ikubiyemo guhuza ibyuma muri sisitemu cyangwa gukoresha inzitizi zitari - zitandukanya inzitizi zo guca amashanyarazi.
Ibidukikije: Aho Kurinda Ibyuma Byingenzi
Kurwanya imiti isumba iyindi ibyuma bitagira umwanda bituma ihitamo byingenzi mubice byinshi bikora cyane.
Mu buhanga bwo mu nyanja no mu nyanja, sisitemu ya hydraulic ihora ikubitwa n'imiraba, gutera umunyu, hamwe nigihu cyinshi. Iyoni ya chloride iboneka mumazi yumunyu izahita yambura zinc isa nibice bisanzwe byuma bya karubone, biganisha kumyanda yangiza mugihe cyicyumweru. Ibyuma bitagira umuyonga bihanganira ibi bihe byamazi mumyaka mirongo idatakaje ubunyangamugayo bwimiterere, ikarinda ibikoresho bikomeye, ibyuma bya palitike, hamwe n’ibibaya byo munsi yinyanja kunanirwa kumurima utateganijwe.
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ibikoresho byo gutunganya imiti na peteroli byerekana uburozi bukabije bw’ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije. Imirongo ya hydraulic ikorera hafi y’imyanda itunganyirizwa irashobora guhura n’imyuka ya aside irike yo mu kirere, ibibyimba bya sulfure ya caustic, hamwe n’umusemburo w’ibinyabuzima uhindagurika. Ibyuma bikozwe mu byuma byangirika vuba muri iki gitero cy’imiti. Ibyuma bidafite ingese byinjizwamo imiti myinshi yinganda, bituma igumana ubuso butagira inenge nubwo buhoraho, butaziguye.
Hanyuma, tugomba kureba ibyifuzo bikenerwa byo koza isuku mubiribwa, ibinyobwa, ninganda zimiti. Muri iyi mirenge, imashini zigomba guterwa kenshi hamwe na - yumuvuduko mwinshi hamwe nogukoresha ibikoresho byogusukura birimo chlorine cyangwa soda ya caustic kugirango bikureho gukura kwa bagiteri. Ibikoresho byuma bya karubone byashyizweho ntibishobora kurokoka iyo gahunda yisuku idahoraho itanyeganyega cyangwa ingese, ibyo bikaba bishobora guteza ibyago byinshi byo kwanduza umubiri nu miti kumurongo. Ibyuma bitagira umwanda birerekana neza neza, bitari - hejuru yubutaka bwanga kurwanya ibinyabuzima kandi bikarwanya isuku rikabije nta na rimwe ryangiza cyangwa ngo rirekure imyanda.
Kurinda Anti - Ubunyangamugayo bubora: Kwishyiriraho no Kubungabunga Ibikorwa byiza
Kugirango hamenyekane neza ko hydraulic hydraulic yamashanyarazi itanga urugero ntarengwa rwo kwangirika kwangirika, uburyo bwihariye bwo gushiraho no kubungabunga bigomba gukurikizwa neza nabatekinisiye.
Inzira yambere itoroshye izwi nka passivation. Iyo ibyuma bidafite ingese ikozwe, ikozwe, cyangwa igashyirwaho kashe mugihe cyo gukora, uduce duto twicyuma cyubusa duhereye kubikoresho byo gutema birashobora gushirwa hejuru yicyuma. Iyo itavuwe neza, ibyo bice byicyuma byamahanga bizangirika mumurima, bigaragaze uburiganya bwibintu byananiranye kandi birashobora guhungabanya urwego rwibanze.
Kugirango wirinde ibi, ibice byarangiye bivura imiti ya pasivisiyumu, mubisanzwe birimo kwiyuhagira kwibiza mumuti wa nitric cyangwa citric aside. Ubu bwogero bwa aside ihitamo gushonga ibyuma byose byanduye bitarinze kwibasira ibyuma bitagira umwanda, bigasigara inyuma yubutaka bwiza, chromium - ubutunzi buhita butuma habaho gukora firime irinda pasiporo.
Byongeye kandi, abatekinisiye bo mu murima bagomba kwitonda cyane kugirango birinde kwanduza - mugihe cyo guteranya sisitemu. Niba umutekinisiye akoresheje icyuma gisanzwe cya karubone kugirango asukure insinga zicyuma kitagira umwanda, cyangwa akoreshe ibice byuma byuma, ibyuma bya karubone bizimurirwa hejuru yumuringa, bitangire ahantu hafite ingese. Ibikoresho byabugenewe bidafite ingese hamwe nuburyo bwo gutunganya ibintu ni ngombwa kugirango ubungabunge ubuziranenge bwibikoresho.
Hanyuma, abatekinisiye bagomba gucunga ibyago byo gutemba mugihe cyo kwishyiriraho. Kuberako ibyuma bya austenitike bitagira umuyonga byoroshye kandi byoroshye cyane, ubwumvikane buke buterwa mugihe uhambiriye umugozi wigitsina gabo nigitsina gore munsi yumuriro mwinshi birashobora kwambura pasiporo ya paside. Hatariho urwego, ibyuma bya kristu bibisi birashobora gukubitana hagati yabyo, bikabyara ubushyuhe bwaho kandi bigatuma insinga zikonja - gusudira hamwe. Iyo bimaze guhundagurika, ingingo ifunga burundu kandi izakuraho burundu iyo ihatiwe. Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, abatekinisiye bagomba guhora bakoresha uburyo bwihariye bwo kurwanya - gufata amavuta cyangwa urwego rwo hejuru - rw’urudodo rwiza rwakozwe mu buryo bwihariye bwo guteranya ibyuma bitagira umwanda, bigatuma imashini ikora neza kandi ikanasohoka burundu -.
Umwanzuro
Ubushobozi bwibikoresho bya hydraulic ibyuma bidafite ingese zo kurwanya byimazeyo imbaraga zangiza ingese na ruswa ntabwo ari ikibazo cyamahirwe; ni intsinzi itaziguye ya siyansi yibikoresho. Mugukora umusemburo ukikije urufatiro rukomeye rwa chromium, nikel, na molybdenum, metallurgiste bakoze ibikoresho bishobora kubyara mikorosikopi yacyo, yonyine - ikiza intwaro.
Yaba ari ubucucike, butari - imiterere yuzuye ya chromium oxyde passive layer, kwirwanaho kugenewe gutangwa na molybdenum kurwanya chloride ikaze, cyangwa imyuka ya - ya karubone irinda kwangirika kwa weld, buri kintu cyose cyibicuruzwa bitagira umuyonga byateganijwe kubaho igihe kirekire -.
Mugihe ubundi buryo bushobora gutanga ikiguzi cyambere cyo kugura, kuba byanze bikunze kwangirika kwangiza ibidukikije burigihe bivamo igihe cyo gukora kitateganijwe, kumeneka kwamazi ahenze, hamwe n’umutekano muke kubakozi bashinzwe kubungabunga. Mugusobanukirwa amahame yimbitse yubumenyi inyuma yububiko bwokwirinda ibyuma no kwiyemeza gufata neza no gushyiraho protocole, inganda zigezweho zirashobora kubona amashanyarazi yingufu zikomeza gukora neza, zifite isuku rwose, kandi zikora neza mumyaka mirongo iri imbere.
