Intangiriro
Imashini za kijyambere zigezweho ziterwa na trifecta ikabije yibibazo byakazi: Umuvuduko mwinshi, ubushyuhe bukabije, nibidukikije bitababarira. Muri sisitemu yingufu zamazi, buri pompe, valve, silinderi, hamwe nu muhuza bigomba kwihanganira izo mbaraga miriyoni zinzinguzingo nta kunanirwa. Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, ibyuma bisanzwe bya karubone byafatwaga nkibihagije kubwinshi muriyi mirimo. Nyamara, nkuko ibikorwa byinganda byateje imbibi umuvuduko, umuvuduko, hamwe n’imiti, imipaka y’ibyuma gakondo yagaragaye cyane.
Iyo ibice bisanzwe byangirika, bitesha agaciro, cyangwa bigahinduka, byinjiza uduce duto twimyanda mumavuta ya hydraulic, bigasenya kashe yimbere ihenze, kandi bigatera igihe cyateganijwe cyo gukora. Kugira ngo izo ntege ziveho, abajenjeri bagenda bahindukirira siyanse yubumenyi kugirango babone igisubizo gihoraho. Mubyuma bitandukanye biboneka, ibyuma bidafite ingese biragaragara nkibintu byanyuma bihebuje.
Guhitamo - ubuziranenge bwa hydraulic ibyuma bidafite ibyuma - niba ari umuvuduko ukabije - ukwiranye, adapt, blok ya valve, cyangwa inkoni ya silinderi - ntibikibonwa nkibintu bidakenewe. Ahubwo, byahindutse ingamba zikenewe mubikorwa bisaba kwizerwa byimazeyo, kwanduza zeru, hamwe n’umutekano muremure -. Iyi ngingo irasobanura impamvu zubukanishi, imiti, nubukungu byatumye ibyuma bidafite ingese byahindutse igipimo cyizahabu cya - imikorere ya hydraulic ikoreshwa kwisi yose.
Metallurgie y'indashyikirwa: Niki gituma ibyuma bitagira umwanda bidasanzwe?
Kugira ngo wumve impamvu ibyuma bidafite ingese biruta ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha amashanyarazi, umuntu agomba kureba neza imiterere yabyo. Bitandukanye nicyuma gisanzwe cya karubone, cyane cyane icyuma gifatanije na karuboni nkeya, ibyuma bitagira umwanda ni umusemburo ukomeye urimo uruvange rwuzuye rwa fer, karubone, chromium, nikel, nibindi bintu byerekana ibimenyetso.
Ikintu gisobanura ibyuma bitagira umwanda ni chromium, igomba kuba ihari byibuze byibuze 10.5%. Iyo icyuma kibisi gihuye na ogisijeni nubushuhe, bigenda byangiza imiti yangiza bizwi nka okiside, bigatera okiside yicyuma, cyangwa ingese itukura. Ingese itukura irasenyutse kandi iragenda, ikomeza kwerekana ibyuma bishya kubintu kugeza igihe imiterere yananiwe burundu.
Chromium ihindura rwose iyi dinamike. Iyo chromium ikora hamwe na ogisijeni idukikije, ikora urwego rudasanzwe, rutagaragara rwa oxyde ya chromium hejuru yicyuma. Ibi bizwi nka pasiporo. Kuberako igipimo cya pasiporo kitari - cyoroshye kandi gihamye cyane, kibuza ogisijeni nubushuhe kwinjira cyane mubyuma. Igitangaje cyane, iki gipimo ubwacyo - gukiza; niba ubuso bwumuyagankuba hydraulic uhuza ibyuma bishushanyije cyangwa bikavaho mugihe cyo gusana umurima uteye ubwoba, chromium yagaragaye ihita ifata umwuka kugirango yubake inzitizi irinda.
Mu rwego rwa hydraulics, ibintu bibiri bikunze gukoreshwa ni ibyuma bya Austenitike bitagira umwanda, cyane cyane Icyiciro cya 304 na Grade 316. Icyiciro cya 304 gitanga urufatiro rwiza rwimbaraga no kwirinda ingese. Icyiciro cya 316, ariko, kirimo kongeramo 2 kugeza 3 ku ijana molybdenum. Iterambere ryoroshye rya metallurgical ryongera cyane ibyuma birwanya ibitero byimiti byaho, bigatuma ihitamo neza mubikorwa byinganda bihana.
Urebye gusa muburyo bwa mashini, aya mavuta atanga imbaraga zidasanzwe kandi zitanga imbaraga. Bashobora gukurura hejuru - inshuro nyinshi hydraulic shockwaves - umuvuduko utunguranye ubaho mugihe valve yikubise ifunze - itarambuye cyangwa ngo itobore, byemeza ko uburinganire bwimiterere yinzira y'amazi ikomeza kutavogerwa.
Kurwanya Ruswa Kurwanya Kurwanya Ibidukikije
Ruswa ni umwanzi wibanze wa sisitemu yingufu zose. Irya kure yumwirondoro wurudodo, ikobora hejuru yikimenyetso, kandi igakora micro - ibice byanze bikunze bikura bikabije - umuvuduko ukabije. Kurwanya ingese isumba ibyuma bitagira umwanda bituma iba ingenzi ahantu henshi hakorerwa ibikorwa.
Tekereza ku gice cya peteroli na gaze yo mu nyanja cyangwa ubwato bwohereza mu nyanja. Izi sisitemu zikorera mu kirere cyuzuyemo spray yumunyu, ubushuhe, nimirasire ikabije ya UV. Amazi yumunyu akora nka electrolyte yibasira yihuta kwangirika kwikirere. Muri ibi bihe, zinc zisanzwe - zometseho ibyuma bya karubone birashobora gutangira kwerekana ibimenyetso byatsinzwe mugihe cyamezi. Ibicuruzwa bitagira umuyonga hydraulic yakozwe kuva mu cyiciro cya 316 irashobora kwihanganira imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo itagaragara mu nyanja itiriwe ihura n’imiterere ikomeye.
Byongeye kandi, ibikorwa byinshi byinganda bisaba ubuso bwimashini kugirango bihangane gukaraba kenshi. Mu nganda zitunganya ibiribwa, ibikoresho bikorerwamo ibya farumasi, n’inganda zitunganya imiti, ibikoresho bigomba guterwa buri gihe hamwe na acide caustic hamwe n’isuku iremereye - kugira ngo isuku ikomeze. Ibi bikoresho byogusukura byambura vuba zinc cyangwa nikel ikingira iboneka kubice bisanzwe byibyuma, biganisha kubora vuba. Ibyuma bitagira umwanda byinjizwamo imiti myinshi muri ibyo bikoresho byogusukura inganda, bigatuma bigumana ubuso butagira inenge nubwo butagira imiti.
Hanyuma, ibyuma bitagira umwanda birinda abicanyi bahishe sisitemu ya fluid: gutobora no kwangirika. Gutobora bibaho mugihe gito, cyahantu hateganijwe icyuma cyo gukingira icyuma kimenetse, bigakora umwobo wa microscopique ucengera cyane murukuta rwibigize umuvuduko mwinshi. Kwangirika kwa crevice biboneka ahantu hafunganye hagati yudodo two guhuza cyangwa guhuza flange aho amazi adahagarara aba umutego. Ibikoresho bya molybdenum biri mu cyiciro cya 316 ibyuma bitagira umwanda bitanga imbaraga zo kurwanya ubwo bwoko bwihariye bwo kwangirika kwaho, byemeza ko geometrike yimbere yimbere ikomeza kuba nziza kandi igatemba - kubuntu.
Ubushyuhe bukabije bwubushyuhe: Kuva Sub - Zeru kugeza Hejuru - Ubushyuhe
Sisitemu ya Hydraulic irahamagarirwa gukora cyane kurenza urugero rwubushyuhe. Imashini irashobora kumara mugitondo ikorera muri firigo yubucuruzi cyangwa ahacukurwa amabuye ya arctique, hanyuma nyuma ya saa sita igashyirwa kuruhande rw itanura ryinganda cyangwa - ubushyuhe bwinshi. Ibyuma bisanzwe byaguka, bigasezerana, kandi bigahindura imyitwarire yubukanishi cyane munsi yubushyuhe bwumuriro, mugihe ibyuma bitagira umwanda bikomeza guhagarara neza.
Mubushyuhe bwo hejuru - ibidukikije, ibyuma byinshi bitangira koroshya, gutakaza ijanisha ryinshi ryingufu zazo zingana. Uku gutakaza imbaraga kugabanya umuvuduko mwinshi wakazi wa sisitemu, guhatira injeniyeri de - igipimo cyimashini zabo kugirango birinde guhungabana. Ibyuma bitagira umwanda bikomeza imiterere yubukorikori hamwe nubukanishi ku bushyuhe burenga dogere 800 Fahrenheit. Uku kwihanganira ubushyuhe bukabije butuma imirongo ya - yumuvuduko wa hydraulic uherereye hafi ya moteri yaka cyane, turbine, cyangwa ibikoresho byo gutunganya ibyuma byashongeshejwe birashobora gukora ubudahwema nta kibazo cy’ubushyuhe - byananiranye.
Ibinyuranye, ultra - ubushyuhe buke bugaragaza ibyago bitandukanye byubuhanga bizwi nka ductile - kugeza - inzibacyuho. Iyo ibyuma bisanzwe bya karubone bigabanutse munsi yubushyuhe bwa sub - zeru, imiterere ya kristaline irahinduka, bigatuma itakaza ubukana bwayo. Muri ibi bihe bikonje, ingaruka zubukanishi butunguranye cyangwa umuvuduko ukabije wumuvuduko urashobora gutuma ibyuma bimeneka bihita bimeneka nkikirahure.
Ibyuma bya Austenitike bidafite ingese ntibifite ihindagurika - kugeza - aho inzibacyuho ihinduka. Bakomeza kugira ingaruka zikomeye no gukomera kwa elastique ndetse no mubushyuhe bwa kirogenike, bigatuma bahitamo itegeko rya sisitemu yo hejuru ya - ikorera mu kirere gikabije - zero cyangwa gukoresha imyuka y’inganda zanduye.
Byongeye kandi, kubera ko ibyuma bidafite ingese bifite coefficient nkeya yo kwagura ubushyuhe ugereranije nibyuma nka aluminium cyangwa umuringa, bigenda bigoreka umubiri muto mugihe cy'ubushyuhe bwihuse. Uku guhagarara gukomeye kwemeza ko gutandukanya neza hagati yudodo two guhuza hamwe na kashe ya elastomeric bikomeza guhoraho, bikuraho icyuho cya micro - gikunze gutera amarira mugihe cya sisitemu yihuse - hejuru cyangwa gukonja - kumanuka.
Isuku, Umutekano, no Kurengera Ibidukikije
Usibye ibyiza bya mashini na chimique gusa, ibyuma bidafite ingese bitanga inyungu zimbitse zijyanye nisuku, umutekano wabantu, hamwe n’ibidukikije bigezweho.
Mu biribwa, ibinyobwa, n’inganda zubuvuzi, isuku yibigize ntabwo - yumvikana. Ibikoresho bisanzwe bya karubone, kabone niyo byashizwemo, birashobora kwerekana imyenge ya microscopique aho bagiteri, ifu, namavuta ya hydraulic ashaje ashobora kwihisha no kugwira. Niba gukaraba hanze bivanaho igice cyicyuma cya karubone gikwiranye na zinc, icyo gice cyicyuma gishobora kugwa mumurongo wibiribwa, bigatuma ibicuruzwa byibutsa. Ibyuma bitagira umwanda biranga ibintu bitameze neza, bitari - byoroshye, kandi bisa neza neza birwanya kurwanya ibinyabuzima. Irashobora guhindurwa byoroshye ukoresheje - yumuvuduko mwinshi cyangwa imiti ikaze idafite ibyago byo guhindagurika, gukuramo, cyangwa kwanduza ibicuruzwa byanyuma.
Urebye ku bijyanye n'umutekano, ubunyangamugayo bwuzuye bwibicuruzwa bitagira umuyonga hydraulic birinda ubuzima bwabantu. Iyo hydraulic ibice binaniwe munsi yibihumbi byinshi psi, ntabwo itonyanga amazi gusa; irashobora kurekura umuvuduko mwinshi - umuvuduko ushobora kwinjirira muntoki ziremereye zuruhu nuruhu rwabantu. Ibi bizwi nko gukomeretsa inshinge, kandi byerekana imwe mu ngaruka zikomeye mu gufata neza inganda. Kubera ko ibyuma bitagira umwanda birwanya ruswa, umunaniro, hamwe n’ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije, birashoboka ko imibare ishobora gutungurwa bitunguranye, bitateganijwe, igabanuka cyane, bigatuma habaho umutekano muke kubakoresha ibikoresho byegeranye.
Hanyuma, tugomba gutekereza ku buryo bugezweho bwo kubungabunga ibidukikije n'agaciro k'ubuzima. Ibyuma bitagira umwanda ntabwo ari - uburozi kandi ntibisohora ibyuma biremereye cyangwa imiti yangiza mu butaka cyangwa ku meza y’amazi iyo habaye akantu gato. Byongeye kandi, irashobora gukoreshwa 100 ku ijana. Iyo igice cyimashini ziremereye amaherezo kigeze kumpera yubuzima bwacyo, ibice byibyuma bidafite ingese birashobora gushonga hanyuma bigasubizwa mubicuruzwa bishya byo mu rwego rwo hejuru - nta gutakaza ubuziranenge bwibintu.
Ubwubatsi nogushiraho Imyitozo myiza yicyuma
Kugirango ukureho ibikorwa byinshi no kuramba mubice bya hydraulic ibyuma bidafite ingese, injeniyeri nabatekinisiye bagomba gukurikiza protocole yihariye yo gushiraho no kubungabunga.
Ikibazo gikomeye cyane cyihariye cyo guteranya ibyuma bidafite ingese ni ibintu byubukanishi bizwi nkurudodo, cyangwa gusudira bikonje. Iyo ibyuma bibiri bidafite ingese - nko guhuza igitsina gabo nicyambu cyumugore - bifatanyirijwe hamwe munsi yumuvuduko mwinshi, guterana bishobora kwambura microscopique pasive oxyde. Hatariho iki gipimo, ibyuma byuma bya kristu byurudodo rwo guhuza bishobora gukubitana hagati yabyo, bikabyara ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi bigatuma insinga zihurira hamwe. Niba umutekinisiye akomeje guhatira guhuza hamwe nu mugozi, insinga zizasiba burundu, zangiza ibice byombi.
Kugira ngo wirinde urudodo, abatekinisiye bagomba guhora bashira hejuru - ubuziranenge anti - gufata uruganda cyangwa amavuta yihariye yagenewe cyane cyane guteranya ibyuma. Uru ruganda rukora nkinzitizi yumubiri ikurura ubushyamirane mugihe cyo gukomera, kwemeza guhuza imigozi neza no kwemerera ingingo gusenyuka byoroshye mugihe cya gahunda yo kubungabunga ejo hazaza.
Byongeye kandi, injeniyeri agomba gukomeza kuba maso kugirango arwanye ruswa igihe yashushanyaga sisitemu ivanze -. Kwangirika kwa Galvanic bibaho mugihe ibyuma bibiri bidasa bihuza umubiri muburyo bwa electrolyte nkubushuhe. Kuberako ibyuma bidafite ingese byicaye hejuru kurwego rwa galvanic, kubihuza neza nicyuma cyoroshye nka aluminium birashobora gutuma ibice bya aluminiyumu byangirika vuba kandi bigasenyuka. Kugirango ukomeze kwizerwa rya sisitemu, burigihe ugerageze guhuza ibikoresho byawe munzira zose zamazi, cyangwa ukoreshe inzitizi zitari - kugirango wirinde guhuza amashanyarazi hagati yibyuma bidahuye.
Umwanzuro
Mugihe cyo gushushanya cyangwa kubungabunga urwego rwo hejuru rwamazi -, birashobora kugerageza kwibanda gusa kumafaranga yo kugura ibintu byihuse. Nyamara, imikorere yukuri ikora ipimwa mubuzima bwose bwimashini. Mugihe ibikoresho bisanzwe bishobora gutanga igiciro cyambere cyo kugura, kwangirika kw ingese, intege nke zumuriro, no kwangirika kw ibidukikije amaherezo biganisha kumafaranga asimburwa ahenze, amavuta yanduye, kandi yatakaje igihe cyo gukora.
Kwinjiza hejuru - imikorere yumurongo wibikoresho bya hydraulic ibyuma mumashini yawe bitanga ibyuma birinda ibyuma byangiza. Hamwe na yo - ikiza igabanya ubukana, kurwanya bidasanzwe imiti ikaze n’amazi yumunyu, ituze ntagereranywa hejuru yubushyuhe bukabije, hamwe n’umutekano w’isuku w’isuku, ibyuma bitagira umwanda bihagarara byonyine nk’ibikoresho byambere bisaba inganda zigezweho. Mu kwiyemeza gukora metallurgie nziza no gukurikiza neza uburyo bwiza bwo kwishyiriraho, ibigo birashobora kwemeza ko sisitemu ya hydraulic ikomeza kumeneka - kubuntu, imbaraga, kandi bikora neza mumyaka mirongo iri imbere.
